Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. 238 0 R 239 0 R] In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? /StructParents 1 endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] based on similarity. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. >> -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. >> /F4 24 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . << [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R /F2 22 0 R q*15Q[7t. What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? New York . /F3 23 0 R /Contents 42 0 R /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Subtype /TrueType /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R >> endobj Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. >> /Contents 44 0 R [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Parent 2 0 R Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. << >> To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. >> -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . . membership. The cognitive miser and focal bias . /BaseFont /Times-Bold How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. /StructParents 12 [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Font << /Workbook /Document /Type /Font 2 . Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. >> 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. /BaseFont /Arial >> /CS /DeviceRGB applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. April 2013 . /Marked true 5 0 obj >> Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /ExtGState << In par-ticular, this need . [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ >> 269273 . 11 0 obj /Contents 35 0 R -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. certain conditions. naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. >> >> /Parent 2 0 R When can it enhance social behavior? An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /F2 22 0 R Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /StructParents 5 22 0 obj Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. >> Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. Please sign in to share these flashcards. Cookie policy. Houd . Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? 5*#H-B^]gOh
#xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /Type /StructTreeRoot /Contents 40 0 R 29 0 obj [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /GS8 28 0 R things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. Heuristics are one way that we save resources. A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be /Font << /F5 25 0 R /Header /Sect What is diffusion of responsibility? a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. What are its consequences? What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. What is an internal versus an external attribution? /Type /Pages /Contents 39 0 R Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /Group << Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. /Type /Page 7,000 & 6,000 \\ "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /F3 23 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 . /F4 24 0 R How did Asch study conformity? Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /Annotation /Sect To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /Tabs /S The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). It spans a topic. endobj /Tabs /S >> -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /S /Transparency they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /F1 21 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. >> What is the best treatment for groupthink? << [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. >> endobj >> /Group << <> /Parent 2 0 R >> /F4 24 0 R /MarkInfo << [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. What is the actor-observer bias? /Diagram /Figure [9][pageneeded]. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. Fugelsang . Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. What is "lowballing?" /Tabs /S How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /FirstChar 32 [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. >> /FirstChar 32 The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Font << -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. The process of understanding what something is by knowing Gordon . What is an attribution? -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? endobj The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F1 21 0 R Jonathan A. . /BM /Normal This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". Nathaniel . others. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /S /Transparency objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. 18 . /Tabs /S /FirstChar 32 -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. >> >> 1,000 & 12,000 /F1 21 0 R >> According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. >> Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. /LastChar 239 AS such, categorization provides [39][originalresearch? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /Resources << Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. >> /S /Transparency Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. Stolz . -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. 7 0 obj -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups << -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /ExtGState << Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Group << [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Font << [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm
YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. Sandrine . When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) If the statement is always true, explain why. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What factors affect obedience? /F4 24 0 R /Length 2864 On what dimensions do cultures differ? /Tabs /S traits associated with the stereotype. -Differs: endobj /Type /Font The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. Aug 2016. >> When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? /Resources << Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. /Tabs /S /StructParents 9 What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? >> The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /Parent 2 0 R -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies Contents. >> /ParentTreeNextKey 13 Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. /S /Transparency /GS7 27 0 R 19 0 obj basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. /GS7 27 0 R Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /StructParents 3 >> a. /F4 24 0 R << endobj What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? /ExtGState << The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /Type /Page /F1 21 0 R /ExtGState << In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. >> -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. 6,000 & 7,000 \\ 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R << What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F1 21 0 R >> What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /Chartsheet /Part 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. >> What is social loafing? attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /GS7 27 0 R /ToUnicode 367 0 R >> /Contents 37 0 R >> /Subtype /TrueType What is culture? /F1 21 0 R Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups.