In 1997 the first Mind Sports Olympiad was held in London and included traditional as well as modern board games. Medieval illustration of tabula players from the 13th century Carmina Burana. In ancient civilizations there was no clear distinction between the sacred and the profane. Games such as Senet and the Mesoamerican ball game were often imbued with mythic and ritual religious significance. It spread throughout Africa, and eventually there was a version in almost every African country each with their own names and variations in play. Whipping tops was a game boys played by themselves while other boys stood by, waiting for their turn and admiring the player's abilities. History: Quoits is a ring toss game, possibly going as far back as Ancient Greece but certainly as old as 14th-century England. Karuna Sharma of Georgia State University, in her research paper "A visit to the mughal harem: Lives of Royal Women"[36] noted the political side of these board games played at the court. [10] The earliest board games were a pastime for the elite and were sometimes given as diplomatic gifts according to a study published in Antiquity. By 1889 wargaming was firmly embedded in the culture of the U.S. [19][17][20][21] It was a race game for two players. The goal was to "capture" pennies by tossing yours to land on top of your opponent's. A U.S. patent was granted in 1904 but in the autumn of 1902 an article describing the game was published in. [8], Board games likely originate from the ancient Near East, based on archeological findings. Players bid, drew cards, and vied for the ruff -- the highest point card. Gary Gygax of the University of Minnesota's wargaming society developed a set of rules for a late medieval milieu. Pinochle was likely derived from the earlier Bezique, a game popular in France during the 17th century. [24], The Romans played a derivation of 'petteia' called 'latrunculin' or Ludus latrunculorum (the soldiers' game or the bandits' game). Boules, lawn billiards (later brought indoors as billiards), skittles (an ancestor of modern ten pin bowling), medieval football, kolven, stoolball (an ancestor of cricket), jeu de paume (early racket-less tennis), horseshoes and quoits all predate the early modern era. Fox and Geese was played with pegs or marbles on a cross shaped lattice board. Players would stretch out their string and take aim at another players conker and let it fly. Girls would play the more sedate game of graces. Islamic chess pieces were therefore simple cylindrical and rectangular shapes. On the other end of the string, tie a wadded-up piece of aluminum foil. Learn how to play games like the Game of the Goose and Whist over a glass of . Traditional games remained popular in the 18th Century. Tafl was spread by the Vikings throughout northern Europe, including Iceland, Britain, Ireland, and Lapland.[60]. Cricket, yo-yos, and graces were all enjoyed, and much needed after a long day of working. That is the crux of world-building, a skill every writer must have whether they are creating their own fantasy world, or recreating an historical one. Games with hoops were also popular. When not in costume she enjoys being in nature, listening to audiobooks and working on paint-by-numbers. Boards have been found as far as Roman Britain. It is also mentioned in Book XVII of the Analects of Confucius[45] and in two of the books of Mencius[46] (c. 3rd century BC[45]). Bodle, Andy, Leaders of the pack: A short history of cards, Waddingtons Family Card Games, Robert Harbin, Pan Books Ltd, London, 1972, Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, p. 340, David Parlett. I was surprised to find that many of the toys and games of the Georgian era would be familiar to children and parents of today. Formal ballgames were held as ritual events, often featuring human sacrifice, though it was also played for leisure by children and even women. Another early reference is the list of Buddha games (circa 500 BC) which is a list from the Pali Canon that Buddhist monks were forbidden to play. Just as today, children in the 18th century loved to play games. The cue sports are generally regarded as having developed into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball lawn games (retroactively termed ground billiards),[85] and as such to be related to trucco, croquet and golf, and more distantly to the stickless bocce and bowls. Small animal bones or pebbles were the first paying pieces. Obtained Nursing degree followed by Registered Nurse license in 1984. Over time, the Jack stone was replaced by first a wooden ball, then a rubber one. A number of them are predecessors to games we still play today. A Senet gameboard and game pieces from the KV62 tomb of Tutankhamunoriginally from Thebes. [22] It's believed that the aim of the game was to begin at one point on the board and to reach with all figures at the other point on the board. With a new game released everyday, you can enter a world of solitaire whenever you want! Experiment with the size of the circles and the placement of the holes, what is the best combination? Go was brought to Korea in the second century BC when the Han dynasty expanded into the Korean peninsula and it arrived in Japan in the 5th or 6th century AD and it quickly became a favorite aristocratic pastime. Also in the 18th-century cricket took on its modern form. In France, the game was played with snail shells, in England, horse chestnuts were the medium of choice. The artifacts include two dice and 60 checkers. The Andean peoples also played a dice game which is called by the Quechua word pichca or pisca. 18th century. Beginning in 1971, video arcade games began to be offered to the public for play. It has been speculated that this game was already being played in India as early as the 2 nd century AD. This debate was settled by the eighth century when all four Muslim schools of jurisprudence declared them to be Haraam (forbidden), however they are still played today in many Arab countries. In 1674 Charles Cotton published his Compleat Gamester, one of the first books which set out to outline rules for many card and dice games. April 13, 2020, | Chess was the favored game of Voltaire, Rousseau, Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon.[65]. The gaming board consisted of two sets of 29 holes. History: Perhaps one of the most universal toys from the past is cup and ball. The earliest textual mention of games in India is the Rig-Veda's mention of the use of dice (c. 1000 BC). This was a game which was intended to teach lessons about karma and good and bad actions, the ladders represented virtues and the snakes vices. Though the first commercial version of the game of Battleship was Salvo, published in 1931 in the United States by the Starex company, the game itself dates to before World War I when it was played on paper by Russian officers. Many games were quite familiar to us. [17] More than 68 gameboards of Hounds and Jackals have been discovered in the archaeological excavations in various territories, including Syria (Tell Ajlun, Ras el-Ain, Khafaje), Israel (Tel Beth Shean, Gezer), Iraq (Uruk, Nippur, Ur, Nineveh, Ashur, Babylon), Iran (Tappeh Sialk, Susa, Luristan), Turkey (Karalhuyuk, Kultepe, Acemhuyuk), Azerbaijan (Gobustan) and Egypt (Buhen, El-Lahun, Sedment). Ludus duodecim scriptorum table in the museum at Ephesus, an ancestor of Backgammon. Shhh, dont tell, but I never got rid of those! Have you ever played tag, hide-and-seek, hopscotch, yo-yo, puzzles, dominoes, marbles, pick-up sticks, jump rope, spinning tops, leap frog, card decks, dice, and dolls? Each of the two players would get 12 pins in one of two colors. India saw a number of games in ancient period ranging from the various dice games to other board games. A swinging motion, straight up or something else? [80] Poker's popularity experienced an unprecedented spike at the beginning of the 21st century, largely because of the introduction of online poker and hole-card cameras, which turned the game into a spectator sport. What fun! Tossing games - Bean bags, quoits (similar to present day horseshoes), lawn bowling Board games - Chess, checkers, Parcheesi Team Sports - Baseball, softball (not soccer, basketball, football or hockey) Winter - Skating (only men and boys), sledding, snowball forts Wealthy people - Tennis, Yachting Other - Yo-yo, kite flying, swinging, Jack straws This game is similar to today's game called pick-up sticks, which uses plastic or wooden sticks. The use of cubical and oblong dice was common in the Indus Valley Harappan civilization (c. 2300 BC). Im sure children of the era found it as endlessly entertaining as I do! Many colonial leaders used enlightenment ideas, such as the scientific method, to improve life for themselves and others. Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. [48][49][50] The earliest unambiguous attestation of paper playing cards date back to 1294. The Chinese Xiangqi Association was formed in 1962, and Xiangqi tournaments are held worldwide by national Xiangqi associations. Collectible card games or trading card games while bearing similarities to earlier games in concept, first achieved wide popularity in the 1990s. Many games were quite familiar to us. Boys often practiced alone to improve their ability. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, . How to make your own: Cut a cardboard circle and decorate it, then punch two holes, like a button, near the middle. Adding on, the game of Snakes and Ladders was previously known as Vaikuntapaali. The game of Cribbage appears to have developed in the early 17th century, as an adaptation of the earlier card game Noddy. History: The origins of this toy are particularly difficult to track down with any certainty. [42][43] Although the game's rules have been lost, it was apparently a race game not unlike Senet in that playing pieces were moved about a board using sticks thrown to determine movement. History of Solitaire - The history of classic solitaire dates back to the mid-18th century. While pre-Islamic chess sets represented Elephants, Horses, Kings and Soldiers; the Islamic prohibition against image worship led to increasing abstraction in chess set design. The flats were sold by the pound and were cheap enough that small boys could amass an impressive force of troops. How to make your own: Weave pop tabs together with a ribbon or pipe cleaner until an appropriate size to go around your post, which could be as simple as one of the water bottles from nine pins. The conker was strung on a string. Chess books by authors such as Ruy Lpez de Segura and Gioachino Greco became widely studied. "bilboquet, n.". Children played a game called "huzzlecap" in the 18th century using pennies, when they were available. Likewise the Game of the District Messenger Boy (1886) also focused on secular capitalist virtues rather than the religious. Outdoor games were very popular during holidays and fairs and were played by all classes. https://0-www.oed.com.library.mvnu.edu/view/Entry/181055?result=1&rskey=nCB74T& (accessed March 20, 2020). If so this would be the oldest archaeological evidence for a game in the Americas.[56]. Feed a string through and tie a knot. Children could act out familiar stories for their playmates or their families. "skittle, n.". Students played in school and at gatherings of sufficient numbers of children. The ban was lifted by James IV in 1502 who also played golf. I love that name! [57] The game evolved over time, but the main goal was to keep a solid rubber ball in play by striking it with various parts of the body or with tools such as rackets. Cricket can be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England and the modern rules of association football and rugby football are based on mid-19th century rules made to standardise the football games played by English public schools. The game required much the same skill as using a yo-yo, a game also played by children during the 18th century. It was also a family affair. Drabble, Margaret; The Pattern in the Carpet: A Personal History with Jigsaws, page 107, 2009. How often do you get to research toys and get to call that work? Averbakh, Y. [30] Cowry shells were also widely used. [26] During this period Muslim chess players published several treatises on chess problems (mansubat) and chess openings (ta'biyat). What other materials can you use for the circle? Then in 1759, a man named John Jeffries invented an entirely new board game called A Journey Through Europe or The Play of Geography in which players race across a map of Europe. In fact, during the medieval era, only boys skipped rope as strenuous exercise was not considered healthy for girls. Hazel nuts [cob nuts] were equally used to play the game then called 'conquers', before the horse chestnut tree was introduced into England in the late 16th century. The Games of Africa. I remember the very first one of these ball and cup games I got as a kid. Ive lost track of how many of these I have purchased through the years as gifts. After the stunning Prussian victories against Austria and France in the 19th century, the Austrians, French, British, Italians, Japanese and Russians all began to make use of wargaming as a training tool. Wood carving of two youths playing ball on a misericord at Gloucester Cathedral, c. 1350. Ashtapada and Daapada were race games. The moral lesson of the game was that spiritual liberation, or Moksha could only be achieved through virtuous action, while vice led to endless reincarnation. Among the differences in these classes were the attitudes that each one exhibited. Schdler, Ulrich; Latrunculi, A forgotten Roman game of strategy reconstructed; in Homo Ludens. Playing cards were imported from Asia and India and were popular during Mamluk dynasty Egypt, featuring polo sticks, coins, swords, and cups as suits. Gameboard (made from 10" x 10" cardboardsee pattern) Continental checkers was a very popular game originating in France in the early 18th century. Board wargames such as Squad Leader, Tactics and Europa developed extremely complex and realistic rules. Players of whipping tops used a small whip and a wooden top. Soon after modern time control rules were adopted for competitive play. This game was also known and played in Egypt. Toy theaters complete with doll house like stage and backdrops and metal or paper characters were also comments. The games were played in open plains located between villages, and the goals could range from 500 yards (460m) to 6 miles (9.7km) apart. How to Play: Use the ball to knock down as many pins as possible in as few rolls as possible. As far back as the 17th century, the game was called skittles, though the specific etymology is uncertain. How to make your own: Poke a hole in any plastic cup; you may need an adults help. Diplomacy was a game favored by John F. Kennedy, and Henry Kissinger. These team sports were spread worldwide by the influence of the British empire. Koerper and Whitney-Desautels; Astralagus bones, Artifacts or Ecofacts?, Myr, F. An Introduction to Game Studies (2008). How to Play: Spin the circle around until the string is tight, then with fluid motion pulse your hands in and out to keep the spinning going. Provenzo, Asterie Baker and Eugene F. Provenzo, Jr. 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Other board games like race to the finish games and fox and geese became popular for whole families. Their history, detailed in Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries, provides us with an insight into the life and times of cultures across the globe. Games and Pastimes in the 18th century Traditional games remained popular, including chess, draughts, and backgammon. Modern chess rules began taking shape in Spain and Italy during the 15th century with the adoption of the standard Queen and Bishop movements (initially called "Mad Queen chess"). In the 1700s, children played games that required skill, chance, dexterity, and a competitive spirit, much the same as children do today. Salons during the reign of Louis . [51], The modern game of Dominoes developed from early Chinese tile based games. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. They worked on the farm. Shop for historic games inspired by the 18th century. The name 'petteia' seems to be a generic term for board game and refers to various games. Dolls with changeable clothes and houses for them to live in first appeared on the marked in the mid-18th century. Originally released in 1957 as La Conqute du Monde ("The Conquest of the World") in France, Risk was first published under its English title in 1959. The goal was to reach the edge of the board first. Various games in the Tables family were also quite popular and are known as ifranjiah in Arabic (meaning "Frankish") and as Nard in Iran. At most Living History events, there are long periods between major events. [63] The four suits most commonly encountered today (spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs) appear to have originated in France circa 1480. [62] The manuscript contains descriptions and color illustrations of dice games, chess and tabula, a predecessor of backgammon. An example of this toy was found in excavations of sites in Williamsburg and was made from a Hungarian coin. Both games were promoted in Japan by the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century, and top players (Meijin) received government endowments. How to make your own: Divide 36-48 pebbles, buttons, pennies etc., evenly between the 12 wells of an egg carton, continue play as normal only keep a pile at either end of the carton. Rocking horses, then as now, were a staple of nurseries everywhere. [71] The French board game L'Attaque was first commercially released in 1910, having been designed two years prior as a military-themed imperfect knowledge game based upon the earlier Chinese children's board game Dou Shou Qi. Games capture the ideas and worldviews of their cultures and pass them on to the future generation. By 1933, a board game had been created much like the version of modern Monopoly by the Parker Brothers. Shenk, David. Early European card games included Noddy, Triomphe, All Fours, Piquet, Basset, Hofamterspiel, Karnffel, and Primero. Shatranj set, glazed fritware, 12th century. 2023 The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. "alea") may have developed from this Iranian game. In some versions different points might be assigned to different colors or shapes of sticks or another stick or hook might be available to help a player in their task. Just like today, people of the 18th Century enjoyed parlor and tavern games, often gambling. Card games first arrived in Italy from Mamluk Egypt in the 14th century, with suits very similar to the Swords, Clubs, Cups and Coins and those still used in traditional Italian and Spanish decks. This is a two-player game with each player choosing a side of the board. Modern sports developed from different European games, many of them played by European royalty. The one pictured is a replica Spanish Milled Dollar on string. or American Conquest. [86] Through the 1950s and 1960s the majority of early computer games ran on university mainframe computers in the United States. As pastimes of royalty and the elite, some games became common features of court culture and were also given as gifts. During the 20th century the Japan Shogi Association and the Japan Go Association were founded and began organizing professional tournaments. Some archeologists think that stones carved with long rows, dated between 7000 BCE and 9000 BCE, were used for a mancala-like game.[6]. The first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, was released in 1972.[87][88]. Ten small pegs with either jackal or dog heads were used for playing. It could be made from a variety of materials from a variety of cultures. Miniature war games became affordable and mainstream in the late 1950s with the rise of cheaper miniature production methods by miniature figure manufacturers such as Scruby Miniatures, Miniature Figurines and Hinchliffe. This form of gambling combined the advantages of rational calculation and inexpensive fantasy with quick results. Wives and Daughters. Many of the sports and games played around the world today have their roots in the 18th and 19th centuries. Roman Statue of a girl playing astragaloi 130 - 150 BCE. [58], The Tafl games were a family of ancient Germanic and Celtic board games played across much of Northern Europe from earlier than 400 CE until the 12th century. While some have fallen out of common use, many toys common to that period are tucked away in playrooms, bedrooms and living rooms of our own homes today. Morris games including three, six, nine and twelve me versions have been played since 1400 BCE. Hounds and Jackals appeared in Egypt, around 2000 BC and was mainly popular in the Middle Kingdom. When play took them inside, many of their toys bore a striking similarity to toys we ourselves have played with. The player who picked up the most sticks won. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Which method works best with the style of toy youve created? Brothers and sisters played together at some games, but not all, since it was not deemed lady-like for girls to engage in dirtier past-times. Some of the most common pre-historic and ancient gaming tools were made of bone, especially from the Talus bone, these have been found worldwide and are the ancestors of knucklebones as well as dice games. What appears to have been the earliest references to gaming tiles are mentions of kwat pai, or "bone tiles", used in gambling, in Chinese writings no later than 900 AD. This game was called Chainmail and was a historical game, but later editions included an appendix for adding fantasy elements such as spells, wizards and dragons. Game pieces20 each player (Coins or button work!) [17][18] The game was spread to Mesopotamia in the late 3rd millennium BC and was popular until the 1st millennium BC. The idea of a status hierarchy or "social class" was a distinguishing key feature in the 18th Century. If played outside, you need something to denote the four corners such as bean bags or chairs. Hambledon Continuum (2004), Written content of this post copyright Maria Grace 2014, Children's Amusements in the Early Nineteenth Century, Sir David Brewster, the man with kaleidoscope eyes. Here are a few examples of games from the 1800s that involve a mixing of the genders ~ Puss, Puss in the Corner For the game, all that you need is a fairly square room with four corners and the furniture moved out of the way. The Assassin's Creed series has a love for setting its games in different times in human history. [52] The earliest definite references to Chinese dominoes are found in the literature of the Song dynasty (9601279), while Western-style dominoes are a more recent variation, with the earliest examples being of early-18th century Italian design. Starting with Gettysburg in 1958, the company Avalon Hill developed particular board wargames covering specific historical themes such as Midway, D-Day and PanzerBlitz. . Old Hollywood and even older royals from the quill of Catherine Curzon. Tennis and a rough version of football were also popular. Elite players such as Al-Adli, al-Suli and Ar-Razi were called aliyat or "grandees" and played at the courts of the Caliphs and wrote about the game. In this game, the objective was to roll balls so they would stop close to a smaller ball. Italian Sancai Bowl depicting a card game, Mid 15th Century, 'Game of Skittles', copy of 1660-68 painting by Pieter de Hooch in the Saint Louis Art Museum. Skull and Bones Action 2023 A pirate tactical action game developed by a Shanghai-based studio working under Ubisoft. The earliest reference to a purely electronic game appears to be a United States patent registration in 1947 for what was described by its inventors as a "cathode ray tube amusement device". Moreover, parents of this era did not commonly subscribe to the early philosophy of making children into miniature adults, but rather allowing them to be children and amuse themselves accordingly. The earliest known board games all used dice and were for two players. [4] Huizinga saw games as a starting point for complex human activities such as language, law, war, philosophy and art. Other board games such as Backgammon, Scrabble and Risk are also played professionally with dedicated world championships. The other players turn would work the same way and play continues until there are no pieces left on one side, the player with pieces on their side gets to add them to their score. They meet, and recite the following. [5] Dice were invented at least 5 000 years ago and early dice probably did not have six sides. Avalon Hill's Civilization introduced the use of the technology tree (or "tech tree"), variants of which have been implemented in numerous later board and video games such as Sid Meier's Civilization. [13] It was a race game which employed a set of knucklebone dice. [7] According to Durkheim, games were founded in a religious setting and were a cornerstone of social bonding. While demonstrating the commercial viability of the ancient race game format, its moralistic overtones were countered by Milton Bradley in 1860 with the introduction of a radically different concept of success in The Checkered Game of Life, in which material successes came as a result of accomplishments such as attending college, marrying, and getting rich. I. Gleek was a card game that required three players. [12] Senet may have also been used in a ritual religious context. Others have credited the invention of the game to Dnyaneshwar (known also as Dnyandev), a Marathi saint who lived during the 13 th century AD. See disclaimer. The home video game industry was eventually revitalized with the third generation of game consoles over the next few years, which saw a shift in the dominance of the video game industry from the United States to Japan. Shenk, David. [6] Among the earliest examples of a board game is senet, a game found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burial sites in Egypt (circa 3500 BCE and 3100 BCE, respectively) and in hieroglyphs dating to around 3100 BCE. A depiction of Pachisi is found in the caves of Ajanta Cavesin Maharashtra, showing that the game was quite popular in the Medieval Era. Carrom gained popularity after World War I, and is still a widely popular board game in India.[34]. Dice games were widely played throughout Europe and included Hazard, chuck-a-luck, Glckshaus, shut the box and knucklebones. Miniature figure games have their origin in a German chess variant called 'The King's Game', created in 1780 by Helwig, Master of Pages to the Duke of Brunswick. In addition, conducting in-services and community health education forums involves public speaking, an ability I have utilized scores of times. In 1851, the first international chess tournament was held in London and won by Adolf Anderssen. In store-bought games there is often an oblong scoring bin at either end of the board. [9] Researches have called the find Dogs and Pigs. The times explored include the Third Crusade, 15th century Florence, colonization of the United . So I was thrilled when my most recent project found me writing about a group of children and I had to figure out how to play with them. In the 18th-century horse racing became a professional sport. April 14, 2020. The immortal game, page 2006, Anchor Books. The symbolism of the text indicates that some of these games were given metaphysical significance. Historians of Chess such as Yuri Averbakh have surmised that the Greek board game petteia may have had an influence on the development of early Chaturanga. [14] Excavations at Shahr-e Sukhteh ("The Burnt City") in Iran have shown that the game also existed there around 3000 BCE. Draw 12 circles in a sandbox or with sidewalk chalk and play with pebbles, acorns, sweet gum balls or other found natural objects. Christian And Muslim Playing Chess. Blind Man's Bluff (4-12 PLAYERS) One player is blindfolded. [14] The game of Ur was also popular with the lower classes, as attested by a 2,700-year-old graffiti version of the game, scratched onto a gateway to a palace in Khorsabad. *. The production of consumer goods vastly increased during the 18th century meaning a much greater variety of toys were available to children and their parents, beyond the simple wooden dolls, miniature animals or hobby-horses of earlier periods. By the 20th century, the game of Chess had developed into a professional sport with chess clubs, publications, player ratings and chess tournaments. Morris games including three, six, nine and twelve me versions have been played since 1400 BCE. Children in the 18th century used what they had to make toys. Similar games have been found in Iran, Crete, Cyprus, Sri Lanka, and Syria. - The game arrived in France in the early 1800s and Napoleon Bonaparte reportedly played solitaire during his exile in St. Helena. Brown, W. Norman; The Indian Games of Pachisi, Chaupar, and Chausar. Baseball was the name for it in the home counties, which amuses me mightily as it's not such an all-American game as some like to claim. OED Online. Children played a game called "huzzlecap" in the 18th century using pennies, when they were available. The state lottery was a remarkable success in the 18th century, starting with the Queen Anne lotteries of 1710-14. Cervantes was a gambler, and the main characters of his tale Rinconete y Cortadillo are cheats proficient at playing ventiuna (twenty-one). Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. ", "The most popular board games in non-Western cultures", "Lagori Sports | About | History | Rules & Facts | How to Play", Kho Kho, a kabaddi-like sport linked with Indian epic Mahabharata know all about it, http://www.gamecabinet.com/rules/DominoIntro.html, From Cards to Tiles: The Origin of Mahjong(g)s Earliest Suit Names, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101210-dice-gaming-gambling-native-american-indian-casinos-science/, The Ball: Discovering the Object of the Game, "Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso Xs Book of Games", http://gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/Whitehill/parcheesi/, http://lvtfan.typepad.com/lvtfans_blog/2011/01/lizzie-magie-1902-commentary-the-landlords-game.html, "German recreation: An affinity for rules?